<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[pseudonotes]]></title><description><![CDATA[specific enough to be wrong in informative ways.]]></description><link>https://www.pseudonotes.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EHtz!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F85e7202d-ee03-46dd-9067-1377c35dfb62_1216x1216.png</url><title>pseudonotes</title><link>https://www.pseudonotes.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 21:55:45 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.pseudonotes.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[pseudonotes]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[pseudonotes@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[pseudonotes@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[pseudonotes]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[pseudonotes]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[pseudonotes@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[pseudonotes@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[pseudonotes]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Warum es immer noch kein Framework für Kapitaldynamik gibt]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ein Problem Statement]]></description><link>https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/warum-es-immer-noch-kein-framework-fuer-kapitaldynamik-gibt</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/warum-es-immer-noch-kein-framework-fuer-kapitaldynamik-gibt</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[pseudonotes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 07 Mar 2026 20:52:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EHtz!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F85e7202d-ee03-46dd-9067-1377c35dfb62_1216x1216.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><a href="https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/why-we-still-lack-a-framework-for-capital-dynamics">English Version available here.</a></em></p><p>Die materielle Reproduktion kapitalistischer Gesellschaften h&#228;ngt von privaten Investitionsentscheidungen ab &#8212; davon, ob, wo und wie Kapital expandiert. Ob dieses Arrangement Dynamiken erzeugt, die die Gesellschaften, die um es herum gebaut sind, beherrschen, ist die Frage, an der &#8222;Kapitalismus" als analytische Kategorie steht und f&#228;llt. Das hat bisher niemand nachgewiesen. Fred Block hat die radikale Konsequenz daraus gezogen: Weder die marxistische Tradition noch ihre Nachfolger h&#228;tten eine koh&#228;rente Systemlogik des Kapitals aufgezeigt; der Begriff sollte zugunsten von Polanyis &#8222;Marktgesellschaft" aufgegeben werden. Aber Blocks Frage l&#228;sst sich nicht begrifflich entscheiden. Sie l&#228;sst sich nur beantworten, indem man versucht zu bauen, was fehlt: eine operative Darstellung von Kapital als zeitlichem, bilanzgebundenem und institutionell konstituiertem Prozess. Die kritische Vorarbeit ist geleistet: Die Annahmen der Mainstream-&#214;konomik sind von gen&#252;gend Seiten demontiert worden, dass die Debatte, unter ernstzunehmenden Wissenschaftlern, entschieden ist. Was aus diesem Erfolg nicht hervorgegangen ist, ist ein Ersatz. Der folgende Essay sondiert die bedeutendsten Versuche, einen solchen zu entwickeln, und versucht zu identifizieren, wo und warum jeder von ihnen haltmacht.</p><p>Diese Leerstelle ist nicht allein wissenschaftlich relevant. Nach der Finanzkrise kam trotz Nullzinsen die Wirtschaft nicht wieder in Fahrt, obwohl alle f&#252;hrenden Modelle das anders vorhersagten. In Japan sieht man dies nun schon &#252;ber eine ganze Generation hinweg. Die wirtschaftspolitischen Akteure verf&#252;gen nicht &#252;ber die theoretischen Mittel, um zu erkl&#228;ren warum, geschweige denn wirksam zu reagieren. Ob es um Klima geht, um Industriepolitik, um die Transformation von Regionen, die von Verschiebungen in Wertsch&#246;pfungsnetzwerken betroffen sind, oder auch um das Auseinanderbrechen der Weltordnung als Ganzer: Das Fehlen eines Frameworks daf&#252;r, wie Investitionsentscheidungen tats&#228;chlich getroffen werden und was sie begrenzt, l&#228;sst progressive Politik zwischen leerem Radikalismus, der nicht einmal angeben kann, was der Staat tun soll, und technokratischem Management, das seine Annahmen ausgerechnet von den Frameworks borgt, die es &#252;berwunden zu haben beansprucht, pendeln. Die Unf&#228;higkeit, eine glaubw&#252;rdige &#246;konomische Alternative zu formulieren, ist kein Versagen des politischen Willens. Sie ist in erheblichem Ma&#223;e ein Versagen der Theorie.</p><h2>Die Riesen</h2><p><strong>Marx</strong> hatte das Kapital als treibende Kraft am klarsten im Blick und befasste sich mit jeder Dimension, die eine Theorie der Kapitaldynamik integrieren m&#252;sste &#8211; Geld, Kredit, Akkumulation, Krise, die zeitliche Struktur der Produktion. Doch sein Projekt einer <em>Ableitung</em> aus der Warenform gelang nicht: Die Dimensionen bleiben verstreut &#252;ber ein unvollendetes und in sich widerspr&#252;chliches Werk, statt sich zu einem koh&#228;renten Framework zusammenzuf&#252;gen. Selbst die Tradition also, die am st&#228;rksten darauf besteht, Kapital als Totalit&#228;t zu theoretisieren, verf&#252;gt immer noch nicht &#252;ber eine Theorie der Investitionsentscheidung &#8211; und, entscheidend, der Investitionszur&#252;ckhaltung.</p><p><strong>Keynes</strong> brachte die Investitionsentscheidung selbst ins Zentrum der makro&#246;konomischen Theorie und identifizierte damit die zentrale Instabilit&#228;t, die Gleichgewichtsmodelle nicht aufnehmen k&#246;nnen: dass der Anreiz zu investieren chronisch schwach ist, weil Akteure unter fundamentaler Unsicherheit immer die Liquidit&#228;t der Festlegung vorziehen k&#246;nnen. Das war ein genuiner Bruch. Doch Keynes theoretisierte die Investitionszur&#252;ckhaltung prim&#228;r als psychologisches Problem &#8211; animal spirits, Grenzleistungsf&#228;higkeit des Kapitals, Liquidit&#228;tsfalle &#8211; und kanalisierte den Einfluss des Geldes auf die Realwirtschaft durch einen einzigen Transmissionsmechanismus: Liquidit&#228;tspr&#228;ferenz bestimmt den Zinssatz, der Zinssatz bestimmt die Investition. Das Ergebnis ist ein Framework, in dem Geld zwar nicht-neutral ist, aber an einem &#8211; zudem noch anfechtbaren &#8211; Punkt in die Darstellung eintritt, statt den &#246;konomischen Prozess durchg&#228;ngig zu konstituieren.</p><h2>Die Zeitgenossen</h2><p><strong>Jonathan Levy</strong> hat dieses Problem f&#252;r die Gegenwart am klarsten neu formuliert. In <em>The Real Economy</em> (2025), einer Fortf&#252;hrung seines fr&#252;heren <em>Capital as Process</em> (2017), argumentiert Levy, dass heute keine Disziplin der Sozialwissenschaften &#252;ber eine &#252;berzeugende Theorie der &#214;konomie verf&#252;gt, und macht sich daran, eine aufzubauen. Seine Definition von Kapital als &#8222;pecuniary process of forward-looking valuation&#8221; weist die Behandlung von Kapital als physischem Produktionsfaktor explizit zur&#252;ck und stellt die Investition &#8211; im Gegensatz zum Tausch, zur Ware oder zur Produktion &#8211; ins Zentrum der &#214;konomie. Levy verfolgt dies &#252;ber das gesamte Spektrum von Fragen, die eine Theorie der Kapitaldynamik beantworten m&#252;sste: Was bestimmt die Wahl zwischen Hortung und langfristiger Investition, was sind Unternehmen und welchen Zwecken dienen sie, wie verhalten sich Reichtum (Stocks) zu Einkommen (Flows), und warum ist der Anreiz zu investieren, wie Keynes formulierte, chronisch schwach. Das ist eine starke pr&#228;analytische Vision, im Schumpeterschen Sinne. Aber es bleibt eine Vision: Levys Werkzeuge sind die des Historikers &#8211; intellektuelle Rekonstruktion, Narration, Exegese &#8211;, und <em>The Real Economy</em> sagt uns, was eine Theorie der &#214;konomie erkl&#228;ren m&#252;sste, ohne die operative Maschinerie zu entwickeln, um es zu modellieren.</p><p><strong>Wynne Godley</strong> und <strong>Marc Lavoie</strong> hingegen haben tats&#228;chlich relevant operative Maschinerie geliefert. Ihre Stock-Flow-konsistenten Modelle bestehen darauf, dass jeder financial flow ein Gegenst&#252;ck haben muss, dass Stocks und Flows koh&#228;rent sein m&#252;ssen und dass makro&#246;konomische Analyse ohne Balance-Sheet-Accounting inkoh&#228;rent ist. Diese <em>Balance Sheet Perspective</em> ist unverzichtbar &#8211; es schlie&#223;t ein weites Feld intern inkonsistenter Theoriebildung aus. Doch Stock-Flow-Konsistenz ist eine disziplinierende Regel beim Nachdenken, keine Theorie der Kapitaldynamik.</p><p><strong>Perry Mehrling</strong> hat der Balance-Sheet-Perspektive institutionelle Tiefe hinzugef&#252;gt und damit der These der Nicht-Neutralit&#228;t des Geldes den konkretesten operativen Gehalt gegeben. Sein <em>Money View</em> rekonstruiert das Finanzsystem als Hierarchie ineinandergreifender Bilanzen, in der jeder Akteur einem &#220;berlebenszwang unterliegt &#8211; der Verpflichtung, Zahlungsverpflichtungen bei F&#228;lligkeit zu erf&#252;llen, ungeachtet der Solvenz. Er destilliert den Kernmechanismus der Kreditsch&#246;pfung: dass finanzielle Intermedi&#228;re sich entscheiden, illiquide zu werden, damit ein K&#228;ufer liquide werden kann, und dies initial unbegrenzt tun k&#246;nnen, praktisch aber darauf angewiesen sind, stabile Finanzierungsverh&#228;ltnisse zu organisieren, die ihre Intermediation tragen &#8211; Payment vs Funding / Initial Finance vs Final Finance. Das ist wohl die pr&#228;ziseste verf&#252;gbare operative Darstellung von Finanzdynamik. Doch sie wird durch eine bewusste Abstraktion erkauft: Mehrling analysiert den Kauf eines existierenden Verm&#246;genswerts und klammert die Auswirkungen auf Einkommen und Produktion explizit aus. Wenn Kredit nicht einen Hauskauf finanziert, sondern eine Ausweitung produktiver Kapazit&#228;t, kommt das gesamte Wechselspiel zwischen realer Produktion und finanzieller Zirkulation ins Spiel und Mehrlings Framework folgt dem nicht dorthin. Seine j&#252;ngere Arbeit &#8222;A Money View of Inflation: The Fourth Price of Money&#8221; (2024) stellt einen Versuch dar, vom Finanzsystem zur Realwirtschaft &#252;ber das Preisniveau zu gelangen, doch die Route verl&#228;uft &#252;ber Preise, nicht &#252;ber die Akkumulation von Kapital als Trias aus realem Stock und damit irreversibler produktiver Kapazit&#228;t, Profitquelle in den heutigen Flows und zugleich Anspruch auf k&#252;nftige Ertr&#228;ge im Financial Stock. Mehrlings kommendes Buchprojekt, das darauf zielt, den vierten Preis in eine umfassende Darstellung des Geldsystems als sozialer Infrastruktur einzubauen, mag das Framework erweitern &#8211; doch die Richtung der Erweiterung bleibt von der Finanzseite nach au&#223;en, nicht von der Produktion nach innen.</p><p><strong>J. W. Mason</strong> und <strong>Arjun Jayadev</strong> versprechen mit ihrem kommenden <em>Against Money</em> (2026) den ambitioniertesten aktuellen Versuch, Geld als etwas zu fassen, das die Realwirtschaft aktiv gestaltet. Masons bisherige Ver&#246;ffentlichungen und Vortr&#228;ge haben viele der Bausteine bereits entwickelt: Sein Argument, dass die Welt der Geldzahlungen keine zugrundeliegende Realwirtschaft widerspiegelt, sondern sie aktiv konstituiert &#8211; nicht nur in Krisen, sondern als Dauerzustand &#8211;, durch Schulden, Kapital, Liquidit&#228;t und Zins, ist die sch&#228;rfste verf&#252;gbare Formulierung der Nicht-Neutralit&#228;tsthese (2024). Sein Ausgangspunkt ist, dass Bilanzdynamik und reale Produktion &#8220;compose two separate systems, governed by two distinct sets of relationships&#8221; (2025), und dass die Aufgabe darin besteht, die Gelenkstellen zwischen ihnen zu identifizieren. Das entspricht dem Framing des Problems, das dieser Essay vorschl&#228;gt. Ob das fertige Buch &#252;ber die Diagnose hinaus zur operativen Modellierung von Kapitaldynamik vordringt, l&#228;sst sich auf Grundlage der bisher ver&#246;ffentlichten Arbeit nicht beurteilen. Doch die Entwicklung des Projekts selbst ist aufschlussreich: Ein geplantes Kapitel &#252;ber die Kapitalgesellschaft wurde herausgel&#246;st und wird zu einem eigenst&#228;ndigen Buch weiterentwickelt (<em>The Hidden Abode</em>, angek&#252;ndigt f&#252;r 2027). Die Entscheidung, die Firma &#8211; &#8222;a central locus of the conflict between the logic of money and concrete productive activity&#8221; (Mason 2025) &#8211; in ein zweites Buch zu verlagern, vollzieht selbst die Fragmentierung, die dieser Essay diagnostiziert. Die Ambition des Projekts macht es nichtsdestotrotz zu einem der am meisten erwarteten Beitr&#228;ge zum Feld.</p><p><strong>Nathan Tankus&#8217;</strong> breitere Arbeit &#8211; die die Balance-Sheet-Perspektive mit Minskys Instabilit&#228;tsthese verbindet und darauf besteht nachzuzeichnen, wie &#246;konomische Ergebnisse institutionell produziert werden, durch administrierte Preise, Forbearance-Entscheidungen und die Technicalities von Policy &#8211; repr&#228;sentiert einen starken Integrationsinstinkt. Ein spezifischer Befund ist f&#252;r das in diesem Essay diagnostizierte Problem besonders folgenreich: Seine Analyse der Investitionsplanung von Unternehmen hat gezeigt, dass der Standardtransmissionsmechanismus vom Zinssatz zur Investition nicht an einer Stelle, sondern an jedem Glied der Kette gebrochen ist: Diskontierungszinss&#228;tze sind nicht Marktzinss&#228;tze, Hurdle Rates sind nicht Diskontierungszinss&#228;tze, Hurdle Rates haben sich trotz Jahrzehnten fallender risikofreier Zinsen kaum bewegt, und selbst Hurdle Rates sind nicht der dominante Faktor bei Investitionsentscheidungen &#8211; Unternehmen setzen feste Kapitalbudgets administrativ fest und lassen sie zu stabilen Raten wachsen, unabh&#228;ngig von den Kapitalkosten. Die bindende Beschr&#228;nkung der Investition, so Tankus, ist die Menge der verf&#252;gbaren Finanzierung, nicht ihr Preis &#8211; was Investitionen nicht blo&#223; zinsunempfindlich macht, sondern <em>umso unempfindlicher</em> bei niedrigen Zinsen, also genau dann, wenn die Orthodoxie starke Reaktionsf&#228;higkeit unterstellt. Das ist genau die Art von Befund, die eine Theorie der Kapitaldynamik integrieren m&#252;sste. Doch die positive Frage &#8211; wie Investitionsentscheidungen tats&#228;chlich getroffen werden und wie sie die systematischen Dynamiken der Kapitalakkumulation erzeugen &#8211; bleibt allenfalls angerissen.</p><p>Selbst die prominenteste situative Erkl&#228;rung f&#252;r j&#252;ngere Investitionszur&#252;ckhaltung &#8211; <strong>Richard Koos</strong> These der Balance Sheet Recession, die die mangelnden Investitionen in Japan auf post-spekulative Schuldenminimierung zur&#252;ckf&#252;hrt &#8211; unterstreicht diese L&#252;cke eher, als dass sie sie schlie&#223;t: Selbst f&#252;r den Fall, f&#252;r den sie konzipiert wurde, ist sie partiell umstritten, und sie bietet eine transitorische Pathologie statt einer Theorie dessen, was Investition unter Normalbedingungen antreibt.</p><p>Was diese Bestandsaufnahme zeigt, ist ein Muster systematischer Unterbrechung: Jeder Beitrag folgt der Logik des Kapitals bis zu einer bestimmten Grenze und h&#228;lt dort an. Balance Sheet Frameworks, die die finanzielle Zirkulation pr&#228;zise modellieren, klammern die Produktion aus. Arbeiten, die rekonstruieren, was eine Theorie der &#214;konomie erkl&#228;ren m&#252;sste, entwickeln nicht die operative Maschinerie, um es zu modellieren. Empirische Demontagen des orthodoxen Transmissionsmechanismus haben keine positive Darstellung dessen hervorgebracht, was Investitionen bestimmt. Das sind keine Vers&#228;umnisse des Anspruchs &#8211; die hier besprochenen Wissenschaftler arbeiten in mehreren F&#228;llen explizit auf die Integration hin, die dieser Essay einfordert. Doch kein vorliegendes Framework modelliert Kapital gleichzeitig als das, was es ist: irreversible produktive Festlegung im realen Stock, Profitquelle in den laufenden Flows und bewerteter, kapitalisierter Anspruch auf k&#252;nftige Ertr&#228;ge im finanziellen Stock. Autor*innen, die diese Aspekte gleichzeitig in G&#252;ltigkeit halten, bleiben mit ihren &#220;berlegungen unterhalb eines Modells, welches zu bauen also die Aufgabe ist.</p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#10058;</p><p></p><h2>Eine Anmerkung zum Scope</h2><p>Dieser Essay konzentriert sein Problem Statement auf Kapitaldynamik als zeitlichen und bilanzgebundenen Prozess. Institutionen gehen als operative Infrastruktur in die Analyse ein &#8211; die finanzielle Mikrostruktur, durch die Kapital operiert: Bilanzen, Finanzierungsarrangements, Hurdle Rates, Kapitalbudgets, die Hierarchie des Geldsystems. Ein Rahmenwerk, das von diesen abstrahiert, modelliert nichts. Doch die Kr&#228;fte, die diese Infrastruktur konstituieren &#8211; der Staat, der die Rechts- und Geldordnung setzt und garantiert, das internationale System, das den W&#228;hrungsraum strukturiert, und die Spannung zwischen Kapital und Arbeit, die die Bedingungen formt, unter denen Akkumulation verl&#228;uft &#8211;, werden zun&#228;chst als gegeben behandelt, nicht abgeleitet. Das markiert eine bewusste Abstraktion, kein Vers&#228;umnis, und den Punkt, an dem weiterf&#252;hrende Arbeit ansetzen m&#252;sste.</p><p>Dieses Problem Statement abstrahiert damit von:</p><ol><li><p><strong>den sozialen Verh&#228;ltnissen am Arbeitsplatz</strong>. Die Frage, was Chefs tun, wie Arbeit kontrolliert wird und wie die Organisation der Produktion Ergebnisse formt (Marglin; Bowles und Gintis), wird nicht behandelt.</p></li><li><p><strong>der Soziologie der Firma</strong>. Diese wird isoliert, indem ein stilisiertes Interesse postuliert wird, das jeder Firma gemeinsam ist: zu &#252;berleben, zu wachsen und schnell zu wachsen &#8211; wobei das relative Gewicht zwischen dem &#220;berlebenszwang und dem Expansionsdrang mit der Eigent&#252;merstruktur variiert. Dass die Rangordnung nicht willk&#252;rlich, sondern strukturell ist, folgt aus der kompetitiven Akkumulation selbst: Eine Firma, die nicht w&#228;chst, wird &#252;ber die Zeit verwundbar &#8211; was Wachstum auf &#220;berleben zur&#252;ckfallen l&#228;sst. Das gen&#252;gt, um die Firma zu einem wohldefinierten Akteur im Modell zu machen, ohne zu kl&#228;ren, wer sie kontrolliert oder warum. Die tiefere Frage &#8211; ob gerade im Falle der Corporation, also der Kapitalgesellschaft, Manager, Anteilseigner oder institutionelle Tr&#228;gheit letztlich das Verhalten der Firma bestimmen &#8211; wird zur&#252;ckgestellt, nicht weil sie unwichtig w&#228;re, sondern weil die Dynamiken der Akkumulation auf dieser Abstraktionsebene modelliert werden k&#246;nnen.</p></li><li><p><strong>der sektoralen Gliederung und Entwicklung</strong>. Sektoraler Wandel, der materielle Gehalt von Investitionen und die unterschiedliche Kapitalisierbarkeit verschiedener Wirtschaftsaktivit&#228;ten (was sich in ein Kapitalverm&#246;gen verwandeln l&#228;sst und was sich dagegen sperrt) stellen eine weitere Spezifizierungsebene dar, die ein ausgereiftes Framework aufnehmen m&#252;sste.</p></li><li><p><strong>dem Nationalstaat und den internationalen Beziehungen</strong>, in denen er sich bewegt. Diese sind zu einem gegebenen Zeitpunkt manifestiert als ein Gesellschaftsvertrag, der den politischen und &#246;konomischen Beschr&#228;nkungen des Staates Rechnung tr&#228;gt &#8211; wobei davon ausgegangen wird, dass dies immer ein bestimmtes Wachstumsmodell einschlie&#223;t, das von einer spezifischen Koalition verteidigt wird. Es wird erwartet, dass dieser Vertrag auch alle &#252;brigen oben aufgef&#252;hrten Aspekte beeinflusst.</p></li></ol><p>Ob ein Modell, das ebenfalls von diesen Dimensionen abstrahiert, Erkl&#228;rungskraft entfalten wird, kann sich erst mit der Konstruktion des Modells selbst zeigen. Diese Ausschl&#252;sse explizit zu machen, ist selbst ein methodologisches Bekenntnis: Ein Rahmenwerk, das beansprucht, alles auf einmal zu erkl&#228;ren, erkl&#228;rt in der Regel nichts Bestimmtes. Das Ziel ist, etwas zu bauen, das spezifisch genug ist, um auf informative Weise falsch zu sein.</p><h2>Literatur</h2><ul><li><p>Block 2012: Varieties of What? Should We Still Be Using the Concept of Capitalism? (In: Political Power and Social Theory 23: 269 ff.)</p></li><li><p>Bowles, Gintis 1993: Contested Exchange. (In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 7/1: 83 ff.)</p></li><li><p>Godley, Lavoie 2007: Monetary Economics.</p></li><li><p>Keynes 1936: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.</p></li><li><p>Koo 2003: Balance Sheet Recession.</p></li><li><p>Levy, D., Farnham, Rajan 2008: Where Profits Come From. (Available at: <a href="https://www.levyforecast.com/profits-perspective/">https://www.levyforecast.com/profits-perspective/</a>)</p></li><li><p>Levy 2025: The Real Economy.</p></li><li><p>Levy 2017: Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism.</p></li><li><p>Marglin 1974: What Do Bosses Do? The Origins and Functions of Hierarchy in Capitalist Production. (In: Review of Radical Political Economics 6: 60 ff.)</p></li><li><p>Marx 1867 ff: Das Kapital. Band 1 bis 3.</p></li><li><p>Mason 2024: Taking Money Seriously (<a href="https://jwmason.org/slackwire/taking-money-seriously/">https://jwmason.org/slackwire/taking-money-seriously/</a>)</p></li><li><p>Mason 2025: Against Money. (<a href="https://jwmason.org/slackwire/against-money/">https://jwmason.org/slackwire/against-money/</a>)</p></li><li><p>Mason, Jayadev 2026: Against Money.</p></li><li><p>Mehrling 2012: Economics of Money and Banking, oder: MOOC. (<a href="https://sites.bu.edu/perry/lectures/mb-lectures/">https://sites.bu.edu/perry/lectures/mb-lectures/</a>)</p></li><li><p>Mehrling 2024: A Money View of Inflation: The Fourth Price of Money. (In: Money View Symposium #4. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pr3svEbaew">Youtube</a>)</p></li><li><p>Mehrling 2024: How Does Money Work. (In: Money View Symposium #4. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRf_sjZsANM">Youtube</a>) </p></li><li><p>Tankus 2020: Low Interest Rates Don&#8217;t Drive Market Concentration (<a href="https://nathantankus.substack.com/p/low-interest-rates-dont-drive-market">Substack</a>)</p></li></ul><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:897310,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nathantankus.substack.com/p/low-interest-rates-dont-drive-market&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:34121,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Notes on the Crises&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFF2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06bb4ab3-c218-41e2-87cf-23bc1f6e8e51_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Low Interest Rates Don't Drive Market Concentration&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;Dear Readers,&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2020-08-25T16:19:00.284Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:48,&quot;comment_count&quot;:9,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:1083041,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Notes on the Crises&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;nathantankus&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d79828fd-0b29-4ed0-8a03-218d1b5f1b01_48x48.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Published by Nathan Tankus. He is Research director of the Modern Money Network.Bylines in the Financial Times,Business Insider, The Guardian &amp;American Prospect&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:null,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:null,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:257093,&quot;user_id&quot;:1083041,&quot;publication_id&quot;:34121,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:34121,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Notes on the Crises&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;nathantankus&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;The Pandemic-Induced Depression from a Monetary Political Economy perspective.&quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/06bb4ab3-c218-41e2-87cf-23bc1f6e8e51_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:1083041,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:1083041,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#ff0000&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2020-03-19T17:44:31.916Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;Notes on the Crises&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Nathan Tankus&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:&quot;Super Subscriber&quot;,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:false,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;disabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:null,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:null,&quot;paidPublicationIds&quot;:[],&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://nathantankus.substack.com/p/low-interest-rates-dont-drive-market?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFF2!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06bb4ab3-c218-41e2-87cf-23bc1f6e8e51_256x256.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">Notes on the Crises</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">Low Interest Rates Don't Drive Market Concentration</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">Dear Readers&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">6 years ago &#183; 48 likes &#183; 9 comments &#183; Notes on the Crises</div></a></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Why We Still Lack a Framework for Capital Dynamics]]></title><description><![CDATA[A Problem Statement]]></description><link>https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/why-we-still-lack-a-framework-for-capital-dynamics</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/why-we-still-lack-a-framework-for-capital-dynamics</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[pseudonotes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 07 Mar 2026 20:39:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EHtz!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F85e7202d-ee03-46dd-9067-1377c35dfb62_1216x1216.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><a href="https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/warum-es-immer-noch-kein-framework-fuer-kapitaldynamik-gibt">German Version available here.</a> </em></p><p>In societies we call capitalist, material reproduction rests on private investment decisions. Whether that arrangement produces dynamics that dominate the societies built around it is the question on which "capitalism" as an analytical category stands or falls. No one has demonstrated that it does. Fred Block has drawn the radical conclusion: if no tradition has established a coherent systemic logic of capital, the term should be abandoned in favor of Polanyi's "market society". But Block's question cannot be answered in the abstract. It can only be settled by attempting to build what is missing: an operative account of capital as a temporal, balance-sheet-constrained, and institutionally constituted process. The critical ground-clearing is done: the assumptions of mainstream economics have been dismantled from enough angles that the debate, among serious scholars, is over. What has not emerged is a replacement. The following essay surveys the most significant attempts to build one, and tries to identify where and why each of them stops.</p><p>This is not merely an academic gap. A decade of near-zero interest rates after 2008 failed to produce the investment recovery that existing models predicted &#8211; in Japan for a generation &#8211; and policymakers lacked the theoretical resources to explain why, let alone to respond effectively. Whether the question is climate, industrial policy, the structural transformation of regions locked into declining industries or the fracturing of the global order, the absence of a framework for how investment decisions are actually made and what constrains them leaves progressive politics oscillating between empty radicalism that cannot specify what it wants the state to do and technocratic management that borrows its assumptions from the very frameworks it claims to have surpassed. The inability to articulate a credible economic alternative is not a failure of political will. It is, in significant part, a failure of theory.</p><h2>The giants</h2><p><strong>Marx</strong> had capital as a driving force most squarely in view, and engaged with each of the dimensions that a theory of capital dynamics would need to integrate &#8211; money, credit, accumulation, crisis, the temporal structure of production. But his project of an <em>Ableitung</em> of the whole from the commodity form did not succeed: these dimensions remain scattered across an unfinished and internally inconsistent body of work rather than cohering into an operative framework. Even the tradition most committed to theorizing capital as a totality therefore still lacks a theory of the investment decision &#8211; and, crucially, of investment restraint.</p><p><strong>Keynes</strong> brought the investment decision itself into the center of macroeconomic theory, and in doing so identified the core instability that equilibrium models cannot accommodate: that the inducement to invest is chronically weak, because agents operating under fundamental uncertainty can always choose liquidity over commitment. This was a genuine break. But Keynes theorized investment restraint primarily as a psychological problem &#8211; animal spirits, the marginal efficiency of capital, the liquidity trap &#8211; and channeled money&#8217;s influence on the real economy through a single transmission mechanism: liquidity preference determines the interest rate, the interest rate determines investment. The result is a framework in which money is non-neutral but enters the story at one &#8211; also contestable &#8211; point, rather than being constitutive of the economic process throughout.</p><h2>The contemporaries</h2><p><strong>Jonathan Levy</strong> has most clearly restated this problem for the present. In <em>The Real Economy</em> (2025), extending his earlier <em>Capital as Process</em> (2017), Levy argues that no discipline in the social sciences today has a convincing theory of the economy, and sets out to rebuild one. His definition of capital as a &#8220;pecuniary process of forward-looking valuation&#8221; explicitly rejects the treatment of capital as a physical factor and places investment &#8211; as opposed to exchange, the commodity, or production &#8211; at the center of the economy. Levy pursues this through the full range of questions a theory of capital dynamics would need to answer: what determines the choice between hoarding and long-term investment, what corporations are and what purposes they serve, how stocks of wealth relate to flows of income, and why the inducement to invest is, as Keynes put it, chronically weak. This is a strong pre-analytic vision, in the Schumpeterian sense that Levy himself invokes. But it remains a vision: Levy&#8217;s tools are those of the historian &#8211; intellectual reconstruction, narrative, exegesis &#8211; and <em>The Real Economy</em> tells us what a theory of the economy would need to account for without building the operative machinery to model it.</p><p><strong>Wynne Godley</strong> and <strong>Marc Lavoie</strong> have supplied genuine operative machinery. Their stock-flow consistent models insist that every financial flow must have a counterpart, that stocks and flows must cohere, and that macroeconomic analysis without balance-sheet accounting is incoherent. This is indispensable &#8211; it rules out a vast range of internally inconsistent theorizing. But stock-flow consistency is a discipline, not a theory of capital dynamics.</p><p><strong>Perry Mehrling</strong> has added institutional depth to the balance-sheet perspective and, in doing so, given the most concrete operative content to the thesis of the non-neutrality of money. His money view reconstructs the financial system as a hierarchy of interlocking balance sheets in which every actor faces a survival constraint &#8211; the obligation to meet payment commitments as they fall due, regardless of solvency. He distills the core mechanism of credit creation: that financial intermediaries choose to become illiquid so that a buyer can become liquid, and can in principle do so without limit, but in practice depend on organizing stable funding arrangements that sustain their intermediation &#8211; payment vs funding / initial finance vs final finance. This is arguably the most precise operative account of financial dynamics available today. Yet it is achieved by a deliberate abstraction: Mehrling analyzes the purchase of an existing asset, explicitly setting aside the effects on income and production. When credit finances not a house purchase but an expansion of productive capacity, the entire interplay between real production and financial circulation comes into play, and Mehrling&#8217;s framework does not follow it there. His recent work &#8220;A Money View of Inflation: The Fourth Price of Money&#8221; (2024) represents an attempt to bridge from the financial system to the real economy through the price level, but the route runs through prices, not through the accumulation of capital as a triad of real stock &#8212; irreversible productive capacity &#8212;, source of profit in present flows, and claim on future returns in the financial stock. Mehrling&#8217;s forthcoming book project, which aims to integrate the fourth price into a comprehensive account of the monetary system as social infrastructure, may extend the framework further &#8211; but the direction of extension remains from finance outward, not from production inward.</p><p><strong>J. W. Mason</strong> and <strong>Arjun Jayadev</strong>, in their forthcoming <em>Against Money</em> (2026), promise the most ambitious recent attempt to theorize money as a force that actively governs the real economy. Mason&#8217;s prior publications and lectures have already developed many of the building blocks: his argument that the world of money payments does not reflect an underlying real economy but actively constitutes it &#8211; not only in crises but as a permanent condition &#8211; through debt, capital, liquidity, and interest, is the sharpest available statement of the non-neutrality thesis (2024). His starting point is that balance-sheet dynamics and real production &#8220;compose two separate systems, governed by two distinct sets of relationships&#8221; (2025) and that the task is to identify the points of articulation between them. This equals the framing of the problem this essay diagnoses. Whether the finished book advances beyond diagnosis to operative modeling of capital dynamics cannot be assessed on the basis of the work published so far. But the development of the project itself is telling: a planned chapter on the corporation was removed and is being developed into a separate book (<em>The Hidden Abode</em>, announced for 2027). The decision to defer the firm &#8211; &#8220;a central locus of the conflict between the logic of money and concrete productive activity&#8221; (Mason 2025) &#8211; to a second book enacts the very fragmentation this essay diagnoses. The ambition of the project nonetheless makes it one of the most anticipated contributions to the field.</p><p><strong>Nathan Tankus</strong>&#8216;s broader work &#8211; connecting balance-sheet thinking with Minsky&#8217;s instability thesis and an insistence on tracing how economic outcomes are institutionally produced through administered prices, forbearance decisions, and the technicalities of policy &#8211; represents a strong instinct for the needed integration. One specific finding is particularly consequential for the problem this essay diagnoses: his analysis of corporate investment planning has shown that the standard transmission mechanism from interest rates to investment is broken not at one point but at every link in the chain: discount rates are not interest rates, hurdle rates are not discount rates, hurdle rates have barely moved despite decades of falling risk-free rates, and even hurdle rates are not the dominant factor in investment decisions &#8211; firms set fixed capital budgets administratively and grow them at stable rates regardless of the cost of capital. The binding constraint on investment, Tankus argues, is the quantity of available finance, not its price &#8211; making investment not merely insensitive to interest rates but <em>more</em> insensitive at low rates, precisely when orthodoxy assumes strong responsiveness. This is exactly the kind of finding that a theory of capital dynamics would need to incorporate. But the positive question &#8211; how investment decisions are actually made and how they generate the systemic dynamics of capital accumulation &#8211; remains barely touched on.</p><p>Even the most prominent situative explanation for recent investment restraint &#8211; <strong>Richard Koo</strong>&#8216;s balance-sheet recession thesis, which attributes the lack of investment in Japan to post-bubble debt minimization &#8211; underscores rather than resolves this gap: partially contested even for the case it was designed to explain, it offers a transitional pathology rather than a theory of what drives investment under normal conditions.</p><p>What this survey reveals is a pattern of systematic interruption: each contribution follows the logic of capital up to a specific boundary and stops there. Balance-sheet frameworks that model financial circulation with precision bracket production. Work that reconstructs what a theory of the economy would need to explain does not build the operative machinery to model it. Empirical demolitions of the orthodox transmission mechanism have not given rise to a positive account of what determines investment. These are not failures of ambition &#8211; the scholars surveyed here are, in several cases, explicitly working toward the integration this essay calls for. Yet no existing framework models capital simultaneously as what it is: irreversible productive commitment in the real stock, source of profit in present flows, and valued claim on future returns in the financial stock. Scholars who hold these aspects in view at once remain, in their reasoning, below the threshold of a model &#8212; which is therefore what remains to be built.</p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#10058;</p><p></p><h2>A note on scope</h2><p>This essay focuses its problem statement on capital dynamics as a temporal and balance-sheet-constrained process. Institutions enter the analysis as operative infrastructure &#8212; the financial microstructure through which capital operates: balance sheets, funding arrangements, hurdle rates, capital budgets, the hierarchy of the money system. A framework that abstracts from these models nothing. But the forces that constitute this infrastructure &#8212; the state that sets and guarantees the legal and monetary order, the international system that structures the monetary space, and the tension between capital and labor that shapes the conditions under which accumulation proceeds &#8211; are initially treated as given rather than derived. This marks a deliberate abstraction, not an oversight, and the point at which subsequent work would need to enter.</p><p>This problem statement thus abstracts from:</p><ol><li><p><strong>the social relations of the workplace</strong>. The question of what bosses do, how labor is controlled, and how the organization of production shapes outcomes (Marglin; Bowles and Gintis) &#8211; are not addressed.</p></li><li><p><strong>the sociology of the firm</strong>. This is isolated by positing a stylized interest common to any firm: to survive, to grow, and to grow fast &#8211; where the relative weight between the survival constraint and the drive to expand varies with ownership structure. That the ordering is not arbitrary but structural follows from competitive accumulation itself: a firm that does not grow becomes, over time, vulnerable &#8212; which collapses growth back into survival. This suffices to make the firm a well-defined actor in the model without resolving who controls it or why. The deeper question &#8211; whether especially in the case of the corporation, managers, shareholders, or institutional inertia ultimately govern the firm&#8217;s behavior &#8211; is deferred, not because it is unimportant but because the dynamics of accumulation can be modeled at this level of abstraction.</p></li><li><p><strong>the sectoral split and development</strong>. Sectoral change, the material content of investment, and the varying capitalizability of different activities (what can be turned into a capital asset and what resists it) represent a further layer of specificity that a mature framework would need to accommodate.</p></li><li><p><strong>the nation-state and the international relations</strong> in which it operates. These are at any given time manifested as a social contract that reflects the political and economic constraints the state faces &#8212; which, it is assumed, always includes a specific growth model defended by a specific coalition. This contract is also expected to influence all other aspects listed above.</p></li></ol><p>Whether a model that also abstracts from these dimensions will have explanatory power can only be shown through the construction of the model itself. Making these exclusions explicit is itself a methodological commitment: a framework that claims to explain everything at once typically explains nothing in particular. The goal is to build something specific enough to be wrong in informative ways.</p><h2>Literature</h2><ul><li><p>Block 2012: Varieties of What? Should We Still Be Using the Concept of Capitalism? (In: Political Power and Social Theory 23: 269 ff.)</p></li><li><p>Bowles, Gintis 1993: Contested Exchange. (In: Journal of Economic Perspectives 7/1: 83 ff.)</p></li><li><p>Godley, Lavoie 2007: Monetary Economics.</p></li><li><p>Keynes 1936: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.</p></li><li><p>Koo 2003: Balance Sheet Recession.</p></li><li><p>Levy, D., Farnham, Rajan 2008: Where Profits Come From. (Available at: <a href="https://www.levyforecast.com/profits-perspective/">https://www.levyforecast.com/profits-perspective/</a>)</p></li><li><p>Levy, J. 2025: The Real Economy.</p></li><li><p>Levy, J. 2017: Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism.</p></li><li><p>Marglin 1974: What Do Bosses Do? The Origins and Functions of Hierarchy in Capitalist Production. (In: Review of Radical Political Economics 6: 60 ff.)</p></li><li><p>Marx 1867 ff: Das Kapital. Band 1 bis 3.</p></li><li><p>Mason 2024: Taking Money Seriously (<a href="https://jwmason.org/slackwire/taking-money-seriously/">https://jwmason.org/slackwire/taking-money-seriously/</a>)</p></li><li><p>Mason 2025: Against Money. (<a href="https://jwmason.org/slackwire/against-money/">https://jwmason.org/slackwire/against-money/</a>)</p></li><li><p>Mason, Jayadev 2026: Against Money.</p></li><li><p>Mehrling 2012: Economics of Money and Banking, oder: MOOC. (<a href="https://sites.bu.edu/perry/lectures/mb-lectures/">https://sites.bu.edu/perry/lectures/mb-lectures/</a>)</p></li><li><p>Mehrling 2024: A Money View of Inflation: The Fourth Price of Money. (In: Money View Symposium #4. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pr3svEbaew">Youtube</a>)</p></li><li><p>Mehrling 2024: How Does Money Work. (In: Money View Symposium #4. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRf_sjZsANM">Youtube</a>)</p></li><li><p>Tankus 2020: Low Interest Rates Don&#8217;t Drive Market Concentration (<a href="https://nathantankus.substack.com/p/low-interest-rates-dont-drive-market">Substack</a>)</p></li></ul><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:897310,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://nathantankus.substack.com/p/low-interest-rates-dont-drive-market&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:34121,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Notes on the Crises&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFF2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06bb4ab3-c218-41e2-87cf-23bc1f6e8e51_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Low Interest Rates Don't Drive Market Concentration&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;Dear Readers,&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2020-08-25T16:19:00.284Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:48,&quot;comment_count&quot;:9,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:1083041,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Notes on the Crises&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;nathantankus&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d79828fd-0b29-4ed0-8a03-218d1b5f1b01_48x48.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Published by Nathan Tankus. He is Research director of the Modern Money Network.Bylines in the Financial Times,Business Insider, The Guardian &amp;American Prospect&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:null,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:null,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:257093,&quot;user_id&quot;:1083041,&quot;publication_id&quot;:34121,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:34121,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Notes on the Crises&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;nathantankus&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;The Pandemic-Induced Depression from a Monetary Political Economy perspective.&quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/06bb4ab3-c218-41e2-87cf-23bc1f6e8e51_256x256.png&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:1083041,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:1083041,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#ff0000&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2020-03-19T17:44:31.916Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;Notes on the Crises&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Nathan Tankus&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:&quot;Super Subscriber&quot;,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:false,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;disabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:null,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:null,&quot;paidPublicationIds&quot;:[],&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://nathantankus.substack.com/p/low-interest-rates-dont-drive-market?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFF2!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06bb4ab3-c218-41e2-87cf-23bc1f6e8e51_256x256.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">Notes on the Crises</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">Low Interest Rates Don't Drive Market Concentration</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">Dear Readers&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">6 years ago &#183; 48 likes &#183; 9 comments &#183; Notes on the Crises</div></a></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[ARCHIVED] Why We Still Lack a Framework for Capital Dynamics]]></title><description><![CDATA[There is a newer version of this essay, you can find it here:]]></description><link>https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/why-we-still-lack-a-framework-for</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/why-we-still-lack-a-framework-for</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[pseudonotes]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2026 13:21:32 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EHtz!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F85e7202d-ee03-46dd-9067-1377c35dfb62_1216x1216.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There is a newer version of this essay, you can find it <a href="https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/why-we-still-lack-a-framework-for-capital-dynamics">here</a>:</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;faf5491b-0790-4f4d-9ccb-bc358b11c719&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;The material reproduction in capitalist societies depends on private investment decisions &#8211; on whether, where, and how capital expands. Whether &#8220;capitalism&#8221; is even a meaningful analytical category &#8211; as opposed to a loose label for historically diverse market economies (Block) &#8211; depends on whether capital can be shown to generate dynamics of its own. Ye&#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Why We Still Lack a Framework for Capital Dynamics&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:377334386,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;pseudonotes&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2236b50d-21e9-479c-b6bf-ab23916502cf_1216x1216.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-03-07T20:39:00.175Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:null,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.pseudonotes.com/p/why-we-still-lack-a-framework-for-bcf&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:190227093,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:5875596,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;pseudonotes&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EHtz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F85e7202d-ee03-46dd-9067-1377c35dfb62_1216x1216.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>v0.1 below</em></p><p>Despite extensive advances across macroeconomics, monetary theory, political economy, economic history, and legal scholarship, contemporary economic theory still lacks a coherent framework for understanding capitalism as a dynamic system. This absence does not stem from a lack of data, techniques, or partial explanations. Rather, it reflects a deeper problem: capital itself remains undertheorized as a time-binding, balance-sheet-constrained, and institutionally constituted process.</p><p>Over the past decades, multiple strands of scholarship have independently diagnosed fundamental shortcomings in standard economic modeling. Economic sociologists and historians have emphasized that markets are not natural equilibrating mechanisms but historically contingent institutional arrangements (Polanyi and Block, but also Jonathan Levy). Monetary economists have shown that macroeconomic models lacking stock-flow consistency are internally incoherent and incapable of capturing financial dynamics (Godley &amp; Lavoie). Post-Keynesian and monetary circuit approaches have argued that production begins with credit and uncertainty, not with exchange or intertemporal optimization (Minsky and Graziani, but also J. W. Mason). Legal scholars have demonstrated that capital is not a neutral factor of production but a juridically encoded form of power, structured by property rights, priority, and state enforcement (Pistor). More recent work in political economy has further highlighted how profits, prices, and asset values are institutionally made rather than discovered by markets (Tankus, Isabella Weber, Brett Christophers).</p><p>Taken together, these contributions have decisively undermined the core assumptions of equilibrium-based, allocative models. Yet they have not converged on a unified analytical object capable of explaining how capital accumulates, binds the past to the future, and generates its own systemic imperatives. Instead, capital is fragmented across domains: as wealth in economic history, as balance-sheet entries in monetary economics, as legal status in jurisprudence, as rents in political economy, or as incentives in finance. What is missing is an integrated account of capital as a dynamic process that operates simultaneously across real production, finance, law, and time.</p><p>This fragmentation has important analytical consequences. Without a theory of capital as an irreversible commitment embedded in balance sheets, investment decisions remain a black box, treated either as behavioral reactions or as solutions to optimization problems that abstract from genuine uncertainty. Without a theory of capacity as historically accumulated and only partially malleable, economic dynamics are reduced to movements along supply and demand schedules. Without treating balance sheets as constraints on action rather than as accounting afterthoughts, financial instability appears as an exogenous shock rather than as an endogenous feature of normal economic operation. As a result, existing frameworks can describe isolated mechanisms&#8212;monetary operations, price formation, legal coding, or crisis dynamics&#8212;without explaining how these mechanisms cohere into a reproducible capitalist system.</p><p>The persistence of this gap is not accidental. Modeling capital as a dynamic, irreversible, and institutionally embedded process challenges core methodological commitments of modern economics: equilibrium closure, convexity, representative agents, and ergodic time. It also complicates disciplinary boundaries, as capital cannot be confined to &#8220;real&#8221; or &#8220;financial&#8221; spheres, nor to economics alone. Finally, theorizing capital as a system-level constraint rather than a neutral input foregrounds instability, conflict, and political intervention&#8212;features that resist formal simplification and technocratic treatment.</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>